Digital Hamartiology: A Theological Examination of the Doctrine of Sin in the Context of Pentecostal Virtual Pastoral Counseling
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33856/kerusso.v11i1.246Keywords:
digital hamartiology; virtual pastoral counseling; Pentecostal theology; doctrine of sin; cyber theologyAbstract
The widespread use of information technology has prompted the migration of Pentecostal pastoral counseling ministries into virtual spaces, thereby calling for a renewed theological articulation of the doctrine of sin (hamartiology) within digitally mediated contexts. Rather than proposing a change in the essence of sin, this study seeks to construct a framework of digital hamartiology by examining how the understanding and pastoral engagement of sin are rearticulated in technology-mediated counseling practices. Employing a qualitative method through literature review and constructive theological discourse analysis, this research engages contemporary theological scholarship and critically relates it to the phenomenon of virtual pastoral care. The analysis identifies three significant areas of theological rearticulation: (1) a reconfiguration of the pastoral “sacred space” of confession, understood not as sacramental relocation but as a relational and pneumatological presence mediated through digital platforms; (2) a reframing of the praxis of repentance in light of digitally mediated presence, which does not eliminate embodiment but transforms it into a form of mediated or extended embodiment; and (3) the emergence of distinct digital manifestations of sin such as anonymity, disinhibition, and repetitive patterns that require nuanced pastoral and theological attention without implying an ontological redefinition of sin itself. These findings highlight the urgency of developing a systematic and biblically grounded digital hamartiology that remains faithful to the enduring theological understanding of sin while equipping Pentecostal pastors to engage effectively with the complexities of contemporary digital life.
Downloads
References
Adian, D. G. (2022). Manusia dan teknologi digital: Refleksi filsafat atas dunia virtual. BPK Gunung Mulia.
Arifianto, Y. A. (2021). Teologi digital: Refleksi iman Kristen di era siber. Penerbit Andi.
Arliandy, P. (2023). Menyoal tubuh dan kehadiran dalam mediasi liturgi ke ruang digital. Thronos: Jurnal Teologi Kristen, 4(2), 112–124.
Borrong, R. P. (2020). Etika dan teknologi: Tantangan iman Kristen di era modern. BPK Gunung Mulia.
Campbell, H. A., & Garner, S. (2016). Networked theology: Negotiating faith in digital culture. Baker Academic.
Campbell, H. A., & Tsuria, R. (2021). Digital religion: Understanding religious practice in digital media. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203084861
Challies, T. (2011). The next story: Life and faith after the digital explosion. Zondervan.
Cloud, H., & Townsend, J. (2017). Boundaries (Updated and Expanded Edition). Zondervan.
Dalensang, R., & Molle, M. (2021). Peran gereja dalam pengembangan pendidikan Kristen bagi anak muda pada era teknologi digital. Jurnal Abdiel: Khazanah Pemikiran Teologi, Pendidikan Agama Kristen dan Musik Gereja, 5(2), 255–271.
Detweiler, C. (2013). iGods: How technology shapes our spiritual and social lives. Brazos Press.
Dyer, J. (2022). From the garden to the city: The place of technology in the story of God (2nd ed.). Kregel Publications.
Estes, D. (2009). SimChurch: Being the church in the virtual world. Zondervan.
Fransiska, N. N., & Krisdiantoro, A. D. (2023). Mengupas Konsep Dosa Asal Dalam Hamartiologi Kristen. Jurnal Penggerak, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.62042/jtp.v5i1.74
Hasibuan, S., & Tupu, A. (2023). Implementasi pelayanan online bagi lansia berdasarkan spiritualitas Pentakosta. Jurnal Apokalupsis: Teologi dan Pelayanan. https://ojs.hits.ac.id/index.php/OJS/article/view/72
Hutagalung, A. (2025). Filsafat ilmu teologi dalam era digital. Jurnal Budi Pekerti Agama Kristen dan Katolik, 3(1), 35–50. https://doi.org/10.61132/jbpakk.v3i1.983
Keriapy, F., Giban, Y., & Giban, T. (2022). Spiritualitas dalam ruang cyber (cyberspace): Makhluk digitalis sekaligus spiritualis. Tumou Tou, 9(2), 122–130.
Kim, J. Y. (2020). Analog church: Why we need real people, places, and things in the digital age. InterVarsity Press.
Leksana, D. (2022). Teologi digital dan misi pemberitaan firman Tuhan. Penerbit Adab.
Mangeghong, D., & Nendissa, J. E. (2026). Efektivitas layanan konseling pastoral online dalam menangani kecemasan dan depresi pada pemuda gereja. Journal of Spirituality and Practical Theology, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.69668/josaprat.v2i2.174
Manurung, K. (2021a). Refleksi teologi Pentakosta di era kenormalan baru mencermati sikap takut akan Tuhan dalam kehidupan orang percaya. KAMASEAN: Jurnal Teologi Kristen, 2(1), 16–31. https://doi.org/10.34307/kamasean.v2i1.52
Manurung, K. (2021b). Memaknai ajaran Alkitab tentang keadilan Allah dari sudut pandang teologi Pentakosta. DANUM PAMBELUM: Jurnal Teologi dan Musik Gereja, 1(1), 95–109. https://ejournal.iaknpky.ac.id/index.php/pambelum/article/view/37
Manurung, K. (2021c). Telaah teologi Pentakosta memaknai pemeliharaan Allah bagi orang percaya di masa new normal. FILADELFIA Jurnal Teologi dan Pendidikan Kristen, 2(1), 8–24. http://e-journal.sttimanuelpacet.ac.id/index.php/filadelfia
Nendissa, J. E. (2022). Pemuda gereja di tengah pandemi: Analisis dasar terhadap pelayanan pemuda. Mello: Jurnal Mahasiswa Kristen, 3(2), 1–10.
Panuntun, D. F. (2021). Teologi di era digital: Iman, etika, dan pelayanan dalam dunia virtual. Penerbit Andi.
Priyono, B., & Silalahi, F. H. M. (2025). Eklesiologi digital dan spiritualitas postmodern: Transformasi gereja era digital. Crossroad Research Journal.
Purwonugroho, D. P. (2025). Transformasi kehidupan rohani jemaat dalam era digital: Implikasi digital religion terhadap pendidikan agama Kristen. Ritornera: Jurnal Teologi Pentakosta Indonesia, 5(1), 60–76.
Rifai, E. (2016). Analisis kritis ajaran "Rhema" dan "Logos" dalam perspektif kaum Pentakosta. DUNAMIS: Jurnal Penelitian Teologi dan Pendidikan Kristiani, 1(1), 88. https://doi.org/10.30648/dun.v1i1.103
Tambunan, F. (2021). Analisis Dasar Teologi terhadap Pelaksanaan Ibadah Online Pascapandemi Covid-19. EPIGRAPHE: Jurnal Teologi Dan Pelayanan Kristiani, 4(2), 154–169. https://doi.org/10.33991/epigraphe.v4i2.210
Sambow, & Palempung. (2025). Teologi digital sebagai fondasi pembentukan aktual dalam kehidupan Generasi Z. Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Keagamaan Kristen: Arastamar, 1(4), 53–65. https://doi.org/10.63536/arastamar.v1i4.72
Santoso, A. (2020). Gereja dan transformasi digital. BPK Gunung Mulia.
Schuurman, D. C. (2013). Shaping a digital world: Faith, culture and computer technology. InterVarsity Press.
Siahaan, H. E. R. (2018). Presuposisi Kitab Kisah Para Rasul dalam rancang bangun teologi Pentakosta. Kurios: Jurnal Teologi dan Pendidikan Agama Kristen, 4(1), 56. https://doi.org/10.30995/kur.v4i1.34
Simatupang, A. F., dkk. (2025). Iman di era digital: Praktik konseling pastoral berbasis teknologi digital. Gema Teologika: Jurnal Teologi Kontekstual dan Filsafat Keilahian, 10(1), 91–106. https://doi.org/10.21460/gema.2025.101.1276
Simon, S., dkk. (2021). Pandemi Covid-19 dalam perspektif teologi Pentakosta. RITORNERA Jurnal Teologi Pentakosta Indonesia, 1(1), 65–77. http://ojs.pspindonesia.org/index.php/JPI/article/view/5
Soesilo, Y. (2018). Pentakostalisme dan aksi sosial: Analisis struktural Kisah Para Rasul 2:41-47. DUNAMIS: Jurnal Teologi dan Pendidikan Kristiani, 2(2), 136–151. https://doi.org/10.30648/dun.v2i2.172
Sopacoly, M. M., & Lattu, I. Y. M. (2020). Kekristenan dan spiritualitas online: Cybertheology sebagai sumbangsih berteologi di Indonesia. GEMA TEOLOGIKA: Jurnal Teologi Kontekstual dan Filsafat Keilahian, 5(2), 137–154.
Spadaro, A. (2014). Cybertheology: Thinking Christianity in the era of the internet. Fordham University Press.
Susabda, Y. B. (2007). Pastoral konseling (Jilid 1 & 2). Gandum Mas.
Suseno, A., Arifianto, Y. A., & Rahayu, Y. F. (2025). Peran podcast dalam penginjilan digital, upaya gereja terhadap misi dan pembentukan etis teologis jemaat di era disrupsi. Ritornera: Jurnal Teologi Pentakosta Indonesia, 5(1), 30–42.
Thompson, D. A. (2016). The virtual body of Christ in a suffering world. Abingdon Press.
Hendarto Supatra. (2019). Mengenal pentakostalisme di Indonesia. Jurnal Abdiel: Khazanah Pemikiran Teologi, Pendidikan Agama Kristen dan Musik Gereja, 3(2), 11–24. https://doi.org/10.37368/ja.v3i2.97
Vondey, W. (2017). Pentecostal theology: Living the full gospel. T&T Clark.
Wijaya, H. (2018). Analisis historis terhadap teologi gerakan Pentakostalisme. DUNAMIS: Jurnal Teologi dan Pendidikan Kristiani, 2(2), 167. https://doi.org/10.30648/dun.v2i2.171
Yabes, A., dkk. (2024). Teologi dan etika dalam dunia digital: Implikasi teologis penggunaan media sosial. Journal of Spirituality and Practical Theology. https://ejurnal.sttiisamarinda.ac.id/index.php/josaprat
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Mieke Londa, Juanda
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Injili Indonesia Surabaya
