Problem Kata ‘Tinggal’ dalam 2 Yohanes Ayat 2 Versi TB 2: μένουσαν, ἐνοικοῦσαν, atau οὖσαν?
Keywords:
Remain, 2 John, Textual Criticism, Manuscript Comparison
Abstract
The word 'remain' in 2 John verse 2 TB 2 version contains problems. First, there are three Greek variants of this word, namely μένουσαν, ἐνοικοῦσαν, and οὖσαν. Second, each variant has a certain theological emphasis based on the chosen understanding. Third, A Textual Commentary on The Greek New Testament does not detect and identify the existence of these three variants. This article was written to achieve several goals: first, to review each variant to discover its theological meaning; second, comparing the three variants to determine which possible variation is closest to the original text of the Bible. Through a text critical approach supported by grammatical-syntactic analysis, the results obtained are that the first variant, namely μένουσαν (menousan) has the strongest position with a lot of support from a cultural, contextual and theological perspective. The habitual aspect can be seen in John's tendency to use the word μένω (meno) in his writings, with a total of 67 uses or 56.8% of 118 occurrences in the New Testament, even 31 ancient manuscripts including the two Great Uncial Codexes (Sinaiticus and Vaticanus) and the Vulgate choose the first version. The contextual aspect can be seen in verse 2b, namely μεθ᾽ ἡμῶν ἔσται εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα which emphasizes time and from the appearance of the word μένω in verse 9 which shows harmony. The theological aspect can be seen in emphasizing the meaning of the permanence of truth (aletheia) based on lexical analysis, including its use in secular ancient Greek literature, and contextual analysis, namely the appearance of τὸν αἰῶνα (ton aiona) in verse 2b and προάγων (proagon), so that John's message is that the congregation persists in the true teaching, without leaving it.
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References
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Aland, B., Aland, K., Mink, G., Strutwolf, H., & Wachtel, K. (2013). Novum Testamentum Graecum: Editio Critica Maior, IV Catholic Epistles. Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft.
Alcocer Urueta, R. (2023). The Verb and Its Benefits for Parmenides’ Philosophy. Rhizomata, 11(2), 140–188. https://doi.org/10.1515/rhiz-2023-0008
Anderson, G. P. (n.d.). 2 John 9-11 and Early Christian Hospitality: Exegetical Reflections on the Well-Meaning Misuse of a New Testament Text. In academia.edu. Nashotah House Theological Seminary. https://www.academia.edu/download/33297999/2_John_Hospitality_and_Discipline.pdf
Athanasopoulos, C. (2013). Divine Essence and Divine Energies: Ecumenical Reflections on the Presence of God (C. Schneider (ed.)). James Clarke & Co.
Balz, H., & Schneider, G. M. (1991). Exegetical Dictionary of the New Testament. William B Eerdmans Publishing Company.
Beasley, C. M. (2020). Translating 2 John 12 and 3 John 14. The Bible Translator, 71(3), 259–264. https://doi.org/10.1177/2051677020949647
Bentein, K. (2013a). Adjectival periphrasis in Ancient Greek: A cognitive analysis. Onomazein, 27(1), 15–34. https://doi.org/10.7764/onomazein.27.02
Bentein, K. (2013b). Prog imperfective drift in Ancient Greek? Reconsidering eimi “be” with present participle. Transactions of the Philological Society, 111(1), 67–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-968X.2012.01314.x
Botha, J. E. (2007). New Testament Textual Criticism is dead! Long live New Testament Textual Criticism! HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 63(2), 561–573. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v63i2.227
Calvo, T. (2014). The Verb “Be” (εἰμί) and Aristotelian Ontology. Teorema, XXXIII(2), 45–55.
Chia, P. S. (2022). An Evaluation of the Puzzled Syntax of 2 John 1: 5. In Perichoresis (Vol. 20, Issue 4, pp. 123–131). sciendo.com. https://doi.org/10.2478/perc-2022-0024
CNTTS, H. M. H. (2010). The Center for New Testament Textual Studies: NT Critical Apparatus (Digital Lo). New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary.
Danker, F. W. (2000). A Greek-English Lexicon Of The New Testament And Other Early Christian Lietrature. The University of Chicago Press.
Do, T. (2019). The Practice of Hospitality in Early Christianity: Reading 2 John and 3 John from a Vietnamese American Perspective. In S. Ai & U. Kim (Eds.), T&T Clark Handbook of Asian American Biblical Hermeneutics (pp. 427–438). T&T Clark. https://doi.org/10.5040/9780567672636.0045
Driscoll, J. (2005). Ousia. In Encyclopedia of Philosophy. encyclopedia.com. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ousia
Fagbiye, D. K., & Ndubuwa, O. N. (2019). BIBLICAL PERSPECTIVES OF ECUMENISM AND ITS EFFECTS ON MISSIONARY OUTREACH IN NIGERIA. Journal of African Studies and Sustainable Development, 2(1), 135–151.
Fenlon, J. F. (1908). Codex Alexandrinus. In Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Foley, M. (2015). Time for Epideictic. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 101(1), 209–212.
Friberg, B., Friberg, T., & Miller, N. F. (2000). Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament. Baker.
Gingrich, F. W. (1983). Shorter Lexicon Of The Greek New Testament (F. W. Danker (ed.)). University Of Chicago Press.
Griffith, T. (2016). The translation of ὁ προάγων in 2 John 9. Tyndale Bulletin, 67(1), 137–144. https://www.tyndalebulletin.org/article/29413.pdf
Houghton, H. A. G. (2011). Recent Developments In New Testament Textual Criticism. Early Christianity, 2(2), 1–10.
https://doi.org/10.1628/186870311795777463
Jensen, M. D. (2014). Jesus coming in the flesh 2 john 7 and verbal aspect. Novum Testamentum, 56(3), 310–322. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685365-12341473
Kenney, G. C. (2014). Insights into the leadership dynamic of 2 John as informed by situational , charismatic , and transformational leadership theories. In Journal of Biblical Perspectives in Leadership (Vol. 6, Issue 1, pp. 41–57). regent.edu.
http://www.regent.edu/acad/global/publications/jbpl/vol6no1/5Kenney.pdf
Leedy, R. A. (2006). BibleWorks New Testament Greek Sentence Diagrams. BibleWorks, LLC.
Liddell, H. G., & Scott, R. (2007). Liddell and Scott’s Greek-English Lexicon (Abr Lgr Bl). Simon Wallenburg Press.
Lieu, J. M. (2008). I, II, & III John : A Commentary. Westminster John Knox Press.
Litteral, J. A. (2017). Is Humanism to blame? Heidegger on Environmental Exploitation. Browse All Theses and Dissertations, 1762.
https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/etd_all/1762?
utm_source=corescholar.libraries.wright.edu%2Fetd_all%2F1762&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages
Lossky, V. (1976). The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church. St Vladimir’s Seminary Press.
Louw, J. P., & Nida, E. (1999). Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament: Based on Semantic Domains. Fortress Press.
MacDonald, W. G. (2005). Greek Enchiridion: A Concise Handbook of Grammar for Translation and Exegesis (Biblerwork). Hendrickson Publisher.
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Indwell. Merriam-Webster.Com Dictionary. Retrieved June 12, 2024, from www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/indwell
Messmer, A. (2023). A History of Biblical Textual Criticism. Evangelical Review of Theology, 27(1), 29–41.
Metzger, B. M. (2002). A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament (Second Edi). Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft.
Metzger, B. M., & Ehrman., B. D. (2005). The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration. Oxford University Press.
Nestle, E., & Nestle, E. (2012). Novum Testamentum Graece (B. Aland, K. Aland, J. Karadivopoulos, C. M. Martini, & B. M. Metzger (eds.); 28th ed.). Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft.
Parsenios, G. L. (2014). First, Second and Third John (Paideia Commentaries on the New Testament). Baker Academic.
Polhill, J. B. (2006). The Setting of 2 John and 3 John. Southern Baptist Journal of Theology, 10(3), 28–39.
Roblou, Y. (2021). Reflections on borders and their crossing in Lars von Trier’s Dogville (2003). Film Journal, 7(Crossing Borders: Geography, History, Social Classes), 57–64. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4000/filmj.278
Scholz, V. (2021). The Newer Greek Text of the New Testament (NA28 and UBS5) and Its Implications for Translation. The Bible Translator, 72(3), 284–293. https://doi.org/10.1177/20516770211032687
Tambiyi, G. Y. (2019). Exiling Ancient Biblical Versions: Argument for the African Roots of Ancient Biblical Versions. Journal of Research in Arts and Social Science Education, 8(1), 179–191.
Thayer, J. H. (2000). A Greek-English Lexicon Of The New Testament. International Bible Translators.
Tischendorf, C. von, Gregory, C. R., & Abbot, E. (2005). Novum Testamentum Graece: Apparatus Criticus (Logos Rese). Giesecke & Devrient.
Umaru, V. (2023). The Relevance of Textual Criticism in Biblical Interpretation. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation, X(IV), 23–29. https://doi.org/10.51244/ijrsi.2023.10404
van der Watt, J. (2015). The ethical implications of 2 John 10–11. Verbum et Ecclesia, 36(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.4102/ve.v36i1.1483
Wallace, D. B. (1997). Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament with Scripture, Subject, and Greek Word Indexes. Zondervan Academic.
Winter, M. F. (1996). Specialization, territoriality, and jurisdiction: Librarianship and the political economy of knowledge. Library Trends, 45(2), 343–363.
Woide, C. G., & Cowper, B. H. (2017). Codex Alexandrinus Hē Kainē Diathēkē (Digital Ve). Venumdant Williams & Norgate, et D. Nutt.
Wojciechowska, K., & Rosik, M. (2023). Having the Father and the Son - the Structure, Main Theological Idea and Herineneutical Principle of the Second Epistle of John. Biblical Annals, 13(1), 133–161. https://doi.org/10.31743/biban.13808
Zachhuber, J. (2021). The Philosophical Dimension of the Christological Controversy. In M. VINZENT (Ed.), Studia Patristica. Vol. CXXIII - Papers presented at the Eighteenth International Conference on Patristic Studies held in Oxford 2019 (Vol. 123, pp. 303–326). Peeters Publishers. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv27vt545.26
Zhyrkova, A. (2010). John Damascene’s Notion of Being: Essence versus Hypostatical Existence. St. Vladimir’s Theological Quarterly, 54(1), 85–107.
Published
2024-09-26
How to Cite
Prabowo, P., Rumbekwan, G., & Sinaga, D. C. (2024). Problem Kata ‘Tinggal’ dalam 2 Yohanes Ayat 2 Versi TB 2: μένουσαν, ἐνοικοῦσαν, atau οὖσαν?. Jurnal Teologi Dan Pelayanan Kerusso, 9(2), 173-185. https://doi.org/10.33856/kerusso.v9i2.395
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