Islam Rahmatan Lil 'Alamin
Study of Thought and Gait of Muhammad Shamsi Ali’s Da’wah in New York
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33856/kerugma.v1i1.50Keywords:
Keywords: Islam, rah}matan li al-‘a>lami>n, New York, America, da'wah, leadership.Abstract
This research found that Islam rah}matan li al-‘a>lami>n in Shamsi Ali’s thought is a grace or welfare for the entire universe, Moslem and non Moslem as well. The concept of Islam rah}matan li al-‘a>lami>n according to Shamsi Ali is implemented in the Muslim’s lifestyle that devoted, peaceful, moderate, dynamic, progressive, democratic, and respectful toward differences which constitutes a blessing and positive contribution to human welfare and dignity.
Islam rah}matan li al-‘a>lami>n is described in the gait of da’wah of Shamsi Ali through bi al-Lisa>n da’wah, bi al-Qala>m da’wah, and bi al-H{a>l da’wah by combining various models of da'wah which is also partly known in Christian mission: spiritual growth preaching model, educational preaching model, inclusive preaching model, and open preaching model. The last two models of preachings are unknown in the literature of Christian mission theory and at the same time will be Shamsi Ali’s contribution in the development of da'wah theory.
This research promotes some of the previous researches: First, Imam Feisal Abdul Rauf, who stated that the Muslim community in America has applied the Islam rah}matan li al-‘a>lami>n which characterized by building a strong vision to unify moderates, anti-violence and against extremism. Second, Mohamed Al - Hilali explains there is effectiveness of leadership that can be felt by Islam in America. Third, Julie Nava wrote that Muhammad Shamsi Ali is a figure representing Islam rah}matan li al-‘a>lami>n principles. Fourth, Muhammad Fethullah Gülen in Turkey and out side Turkey has proved himself to be an example in applying Islam rah}matan li al-‘a>lami>n. This study refuses or does not support the research of Noor Ul Mobeen which stated that the first generation of Muslim students’ leadership in America in 2009-2012 failed in spelling out Islam rah}matan li al-‘a>lami>n. The approach used in this research: religion, history, leadership, and communication, while the method uses grounded research.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
[1] Abdillah, Masykuri. “Theological Responses to the Concepts of Democracy and Human Rights: The Case of Contemporary Indonesian Muslim Intellectuals,” in Studia Islamika, Indonesian Journal for lslamic Studies. Volume 3, Number 1, 1996.
[2] ______. The Speech of Graduate School Director of Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University (SPs UIN). "Islam in America - Era Donald Trump," on July 12, 2017 at SPs UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta.
[3] Ali, Muhammad Shamsi. "Interview," with NET News Television on "Indonesia Morning Show," was published on December 2, 2013 at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= WSw9q4PhPVI Accessed April 14, 2017.
[4] ______. "Interview," dated July 12, 2017 at the Graduate School of Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University (UIN) Jakarta.
[5] ______. Director of Jamaica Islamic Center, "Interview" on December 20, 2016, in New York.
[6] ______. Director of Jamaica Muslim Center, "Interview" on December 4, 2016 at Jamaica Muslim Center.
[7] ______. Imam Masjid Islamic Center New York, "Interview" on December 20, 2016 in New York.
[8] ______. Khutbah is broadcast by itvusa.tv in "Jamaica Muslim Center Director & Imam Shamsi Ali Delivered Important Eid Khutba 2016," published July 7, 2016 at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9DC7tSfr6g Accessed April 21st 2017.
[9] ______. President of the New York Islamic Center, "Interview," December 20, 2016, in New York.
[10] ______. Recording in Makassar on April 1, 2013, "published April 1, 2013 at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fIi_Z9LiCZc&t=726s Accessed April 21, 2017.
[11] ______. "Interviews," on July 12, 2017 at Graduate School Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University at Jakarta.
[12] Ali, Yaser. “Shariah and Citizenship: How Islamophobia Is Creating a Second-Class Citizenry in America”, Journal California Law Review, Vol. 100, No. 4. August 2012.
[13] Ambadar, Farhat. As Chairman of the Consulate General of the Republic of Indonesia (KJRI) Los Angeles, Vice President Community Outreach of the Indonesia Muslim Foundation Los Angeles, and Director of Housekeeping at Hotel Le Parc West Hollywood in Los Angeles dated 19 January 2017.
[14] Azra, Azyumardi. Konteks Berteologi di Indonesia: Pengalaman Islam [Context of Theology in Indonesia: Islamic Experience]. First Edition. Jakarta: Paramadina, 1999.
[15] Bakti, Andi Faisal. “Islam and Modernity: Nurcholish Madjid's Interpretation of Civil Society, Pluralism, Secularization, and Democracy.” Source: Asian Journal of Social Science, Vol. 33, No. 3, SPECIAL FOCUS: Islam between Holism and Secularism (2005), pp. 486-505. Published by: Brill Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/23654384. Accessed: 22-06-2017 02:18 UTC.
[16] ______. “Islam and Nation Formation in Indonesia,” in A Thesis submitted to th e Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts. Montreal: Institute of Islamic Studies McGill University, 1993.
[17] Barna, George. Turning to Vision into Action. First Edition. Jakarta: Yayasan Media Buana Indonesia Metanoia, 1998.
[18] Bilici, Mucahit. “Being Targeted, Being Recognized: The Impact of 9/11 on Arab and Muslim Americans.” Journal Contemporary Sociology, Vol. 40, No. 2. March 2011.
[19] Noer, Deliar. Islam and Politics [Islam dan Politik]. First Printing. Jakarta: Yayasan Risalah, 2003.
[20] Fatma and Desi, Ladies Halaqa recitation board for Indonesian Muslim community women in Las Vegas. "Interviews," January 21, 2017.
[21] Finzel, Hans. The Top Ten Mistakes Leaders Make. Wheaton, Illinois: Victor Books, 1994.
[22] Hofstadter, Richard. Wood Gray, and D. Steven Endsley, Garis Besar Sejarah Amerika [Outline of American History], Editor Howard Cincotta. Translator Yusi A. Pareanom. Jakarta: US Department of State, 2004.
[23] http://bujangmasjid.blogspot.co.id/2011/01/masjid-komunitas-muslim-indonesia-di.html Retrieved June 26, 2017.
[24] http://icmi.or.id/blog/2016/09/shamsi-ali-pimpin-muslim-day-parade-di-new-york Accessed on January 20, 2017.
[25] http://indegous.blogspot.co.id/2013/03/imam-mesjid-besar-di-new-york.html Retrieved April 28, 2017.
[26] http://selasarselusur.blogspot.co.id/2013/05/imam-islamic-center-new-york-dukung.html Retrieved June 28, 2017.
[27] http://serunaihati.blogspot.co.id/2012/08/biografi-al-khawarizmi-bapak-matematika.html Retrieved April 27, 2017.
[28] http://sulselku.com/dua-imam-muda-sulsel-tiba-di-new-york/ Retrieved January 16, 2017.
[29] http://www.cnnindonesia.com/politik/20150906125135-32-76900/mengenal-kontroversi- shamsi-ali-imam-as-asal-sulawesi/. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
[30] http://www.msn.com/id-id/berita/other/imam-masjid-new-york-buka-bersama-med-in- mexico/ar-AAhuLBu published in 2016, accessed on April 22, 2017.
[31] http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/01/06/a-new-estimate-of-the-u-s-muslim- population/ Retrieved 11 January 2017.
[32] http://www.suaramuhammadiyah.id/ 2017/02/07 / message-jumat-imam- shamsi-post-policy -president-trump / published February 7, 2017, accessed on April 22, 2017).
[33] http://zulfanioey.blogspot.co.id/2011/12/ibnu- batutah-perjalanan-haji-terpanjang.html Retrieved April 27, 2017.
[34] https://beritagar.id/artikel/berita/mengenal-shamsi-imam-masjid-new-york-asal-indonesia Accessed January 14, 2017.
[35] https://www.facebook.com/ImamShamsiAliOfficial/posts/
804220053056407. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
[36] https://www.facebook.com/MotivatorIppho/videos/1453097331399131/ published on February 20, 2017, accessed on April 27, 2017.
[37] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FlC46MMyGkA Accessed June 27, 2017.
[38] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-NYyJy8lN6I Accessed June 27, 2017.
[39] Hybels, Bill. Courageous Leadership, trans. Anne Natanael. Kepemimpinan yang Berani. Batam: Gospel Press, 2004.
[40] Komariah, A.; C. Tratna. Visionary Leadership: Toward Effective School. Third Edition. Jakarta: PT Bumi Aksara, 2008.
[41] Kurzman, Charles dan Carl W. Ernst, “Islamic Studies in U.S. Universities”, Review of Middle East Studies, Vol. 46, No. 1, 2012.
[42] Kyle, David T. The Four Powers of Leadership. Translator Alexander Sindoro. Empat Kekuatan Kepemimpinan. Editor Lydon Saputra. Batam: Karisma Press, 2004.
[43] Leebong, Vincent. Host of Kabari News TV, "Interview," with Shamsi Ali in the theme of "Imam Shamsi Ali: Moderate Islam - Kabari TV," published on January 19, 2015 at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= NCQbeSC9LBY Retrieved on April 20, 2017.
[44] M. Isom Yusqi and Friends. Mengenal Konsep Islam Nusantara [Knowing the Concept of Islam Nusantara]. Editor. M. Ulinnuha Husnah. First Edition. Jakarta: Library STAINU, 2015.
[45] Malik, Bahrudin. Recording Edited by Sugeng Riyadi [Bralink TV]. Copyright @ 2012 Indonesian Family Forum, in the "Islamic Studies at Black Gold Hall Jinnan Recreation Club, Dukhan - Qatar," was published on April 9, 2013 at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WsTCFFl9bJk Accessed April 19 2017.
[46] Mandaville, Peter. “Islam and Exceptionalism in American Political Discourse”, Journal Political Science and Politics, Vol. 46, No. 2. April, 2013.
[47] Martin, Richard C. “Islamic Studies in the American Academy: A Personal Reflection”, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Vol. 78, No. 4 Desember 2010.
[48] Maxwell, John C. Mengembangkan Kepemimpinan di Sekeliling Anda [Developing Leadership Around You]. Printing First (Jakarta: Professional Books, 1997.
[49] Metro TV, "Interview," with Feisal Abdul Rauf, Imam Masjid Al Farah in New York during his visit to Indonesia published July 5, 2012 at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eT6TUoKqa1s Retrieved April 20, 2017).
[50] Nava, Julie. Imam Muhammad Shamsi Ali: Spreading Peace on Earth West. Editor Laura Ariestiyanty. Jakarta: Noura Books, 2013.
[51] Notorahardjo, Niko and Iman Santoso, Transformation Journey. Printing First. Yogyakarta: Andi Offset, 2007.
[52] Read, Jen'nan Ghazal. “Muslims in America,” Journal Contexts, Vol. 7, No. 4, 2008, 39-43.
[53] Schneier, Rabbi Marc; Imam Muhammad Shamsi Ali. Sons of Abraham, A Candid Conversation about the Issues That Divide and Unite Jews and Muslims. Translator Khairi Rumantati. Anak-anak Abraham: Dialog Terbuka Mengenai Isu-isu yang Memisahkan dan Menyatukann Muslim – Yahudi. Editor Agus Susanto. First Printing. Bandung: PT. Mizan Publika, 2014.
[54] Singer, Amy. "Giving Practices in Islamic Societies," source: Social Research, Vol. 80, No. 2, Giving: Caring for the Needs of Strangers (SUMMER 2013), pp. 341-358. Published by: The New School. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/24385604. Accessed: 22-02-2017 14:10 UTC
[55] Stanley, Andy. Bagaimana Mengubah Visi Anda menjadi Kenyataan [How to Turn Your Vision into Reality]. Second Edition. Yogyakarta: Andi Offset, 2002.
[56] Stern, Jessica. “Muslims in America.” Journal The National Interest, No. 113, 2011.
[57] Stone, Sean. "Interview," with Shamsi Ali. Title on Youtube "Today I am Muslim Too" w / Imam Shamsi Ali. Published February 27, 2017 at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mIsiPESmDo. Retrieved on April 13, 2017.
[58] Terry, Robert W. Authentic Leadership. Translator Hari Suminto. Kepemimpinan Autentik. Batam: Interaksasa, 2002.
[59] Tirtamihardja, Samuel H. Leader is a Dreamer. Print Second. Tangerang: YASKI Foundation, 2007.
[60] Wall, Bob; Robert S. Solum, Mark R. Sobol, Strong Leader [Pemimpin yang Bervisi Kuat]. Batam: Interaksara, 1999.
[61] Widakuswara, Patsy. VOA reporter, "Interview," with Shamsi Ali in VOA October 2011 news coverage, was published on October 31, 2011 at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zn-9zABomqI Retrieved April 20, 2017.
[2] ______. The Speech of Graduate School Director of Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University (SPs UIN). "Islam in America - Era Donald Trump," on July 12, 2017 at SPs UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta.
[3] Ali, Muhammad Shamsi. "Interview," with NET News Television on "Indonesia Morning Show," was published on December 2, 2013 at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= WSw9q4PhPVI Accessed April 14, 2017.
[4] ______. "Interview," dated July 12, 2017 at the Graduate School of Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University (UIN) Jakarta.
[5] ______. Director of Jamaica Islamic Center, "Interview" on December 20, 2016, in New York.
[6] ______. Director of Jamaica Muslim Center, "Interview" on December 4, 2016 at Jamaica Muslim Center.
[7] ______. Imam Masjid Islamic Center New York, "Interview" on December 20, 2016 in New York.
[8] ______. Khutbah is broadcast by itvusa.tv in "Jamaica Muslim Center Director & Imam Shamsi Ali Delivered Important Eid Khutba 2016," published July 7, 2016 at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9DC7tSfr6g Accessed April 21st 2017.
[9] ______. President of the New York Islamic Center, "Interview," December 20, 2016, in New York.
[10] ______. Recording in Makassar on April 1, 2013, "published April 1, 2013 at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fIi_Z9LiCZc&t=726s Accessed April 21, 2017.
[11] ______. "Interviews," on July 12, 2017 at Graduate School Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University at Jakarta.
[12] Ali, Yaser. “Shariah and Citizenship: How Islamophobia Is Creating a Second-Class Citizenry in America”, Journal California Law Review, Vol. 100, No. 4. August 2012.
[13] Ambadar, Farhat. As Chairman of the Consulate General of the Republic of Indonesia (KJRI) Los Angeles, Vice President Community Outreach of the Indonesia Muslim Foundation Los Angeles, and Director of Housekeeping at Hotel Le Parc West Hollywood in Los Angeles dated 19 January 2017.
[14] Azra, Azyumardi. Konteks Berteologi di Indonesia: Pengalaman Islam [Context of Theology in Indonesia: Islamic Experience]. First Edition. Jakarta: Paramadina, 1999.
[15] Bakti, Andi Faisal. “Islam and Modernity: Nurcholish Madjid's Interpretation of Civil Society, Pluralism, Secularization, and Democracy.” Source: Asian Journal of Social Science, Vol. 33, No. 3, SPECIAL FOCUS: Islam between Holism and Secularism (2005), pp. 486-505. Published by: Brill Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/23654384. Accessed: 22-06-2017 02:18 UTC.
[16] ______. “Islam and Nation Formation in Indonesia,” in A Thesis submitted to th e Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts. Montreal: Institute of Islamic Studies McGill University, 1993.
[17] Barna, George. Turning to Vision into Action. First Edition. Jakarta: Yayasan Media Buana Indonesia Metanoia, 1998.
[18] Bilici, Mucahit. “Being Targeted, Being Recognized: The Impact of 9/11 on Arab and Muslim Americans.” Journal Contemporary Sociology, Vol. 40, No. 2. March 2011.
[19] Noer, Deliar. Islam and Politics [Islam dan Politik]. First Printing. Jakarta: Yayasan Risalah, 2003.
[20] Fatma and Desi, Ladies Halaqa recitation board for Indonesian Muslim community women in Las Vegas. "Interviews," January 21, 2017.
[21] Finzel, Hans. The Top Ten Mistakes Leaders Make. Wheaton, Illinois: Victor Books, 1994.
[22] Hofstadter, Richard. Wood Gray, and D. Steven Endsley, Garis Besar Sejarah Amerika [Outline of American History], Editor Howard Cincotta. Translator Yusi A. Pareanom. Jakarta: US Department of State, 2004.
[23] http://bujangmasjid.blogspot.co.id/2011/01/masjid-komunitas-muslim-indonesia-di.html Retrieved June 26, 2017.
[24] http://icmi.or.id/blog/2016/09/shamsi-ali-pimpin-muslim-day-parade-di-new-york Accessed on January 20, 2017.
[25] http://indegous.blogspot.co.id/2013/03/imam-mesjid-besar-di-new-york.html Retrieved April 28, 2017.
[26] http://selasarselusur.blogspot.co.id/2013/05/imam-islamic-center-new-york-dukung.html Retrieved June 28, 2017.
[27] http://serunaihati.blogspot.co.id/2012/08/biografi-al-khawarizmi-bapak-matematika.html Retrieved April 27, 2017.
[28] http://sulselku.com/dua-imam-muda-sulsel-tiba-di-new-york/ Retrieved January 16, 2017.
[29] http://www.cnnindonesia.com/politik/20150906125135-32-76900/mengenal-kontroversi- shamsi-ali-imam-as-asal-sulawesi/. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
[30] http://www.msn.com/id-id/berita/other/imam-masjid-new-york-buka-bersama-med-in- mexico/ar-AAhuLBu published in 2016, accessed on April 22, 2017.
[31] http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/01/06/a-new-estimate-of-the-u-s-muslim- population/ Retrieved 11 January 2017.
[32] http://www.suaramuhammadiyah.id/ 2017/02/07 / message-jumat-imam- shamsi-post-policy -president-trump / published February 7, 2017, accessed on April 22, 2017).
[33] http://zulfanioey.blogspot.co.id/2011/12/ibnu- batutah-perjalanan-haji-terpanjang.html Retrieved April 27, 2017.
[34] https://beritagar.id/artikel/berita/mengenal-shamsi-imam-masjid-new-york-asal-indonesia Accessed January 14, 2017.
[35] https://www.facebook.com/ImamShamsiAliOfficial/posts/
804220053056407. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
[36] https://www.facebook.com/MotivatorIppho/videos/1453097331399131/ published on February 20, 2017, accessed on April 27, 2017.
[37] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FlC46MMyGkA Accessed June 27, 2017.
[38] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-NYyJy8lN6I Accessed June 27, 2017.
[39] Hybels, Bill. Courageous Leadership, trans. Anne Natanael. Kepemimpinan yang Berani. Batam: Gospel Press, 2004.
[40] Komariah, A.; C. Tratna. Visionary Leadership: Toward Effective School. Third Edition. Jakarta: PT Bumi Aksara, 2008.
[41] Kurzman, Charles dan Carl W. Ernst, “Islamic Studies in U.S. Universities”, Review of Middle East Studies, Vol. 46, No. 1, 2012.
[42] Kyle, David T. The Four Powers of Leadership. Translator Alexander Sindoro. Empat Kekuatan Kepemimpinan. Editor Lydon Saputra. Batam: Karisma Press, 2004.
[43] Leebong, Vincent. Host of Kabari News TV, "Interview," with Shamsi Ali in the theme of "Imam Shamsi Ali: Moderate Islam - Kabari TV," published on January 19, 2015 at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= NCQbeSC9LBY Retrieved on April 20, 2017.
[44] M. Isom Yusqi and Friends. Mengenal Konsep Islam Nusantara [Knowing the Concept of Islam Nusantara]. Editor. M. Ulinnuha Husnah. First Edition. Jakarta: Library STAINU, 2015.
[45] Malik, Bahrudin. Recording Edited by Sugeng Riyadi [Bralink TV]. Copyright @ 2012 Indonesian Family Forum, in the "Islamic Studies at Black Gold Hall Jinnan Recreation Club, Dukhan - Qatar," was published on April 9, 2013 at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WsTCFFl9bJk Accessed April 19 2017.
[46] Mandaville, Peter. “Islam and Exceptionalism in American Political Discourse”, Journal Political Science and Politics, Vol. 46, No. 2. April, 2013.
[47] Martin, Richard C. “Islamic Studies in the American Academy: A Personal Reflection”, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Vol. 78, No. 4 Desember 2010.
[48] Maxwell, John C. Mengembangkan Kepemimpinan di Sekeliling Anda [Developing Leadership Around You]. Printing First (Jakarta: Professional Books, 1997.
[49] Metro TV, "Interview," with Feisal Abdul Rauf, Imam Masjid Al Farah in New York during his visit to Indonesia published July 5, 2012 at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eT6TUoKqa1s Retrieved April 20, 2017).
[50] Nava, Julie. Imam Muhammad Shamsi Ali: Spreading Peace on Earth West. Editor Laura Ariestiyanty. Jakarta: Noura Books, 2013.
[51] Notorahardjo, Niko and Iman Santoso, Transformation Journey. Printing First. Yogyakarta: Andi Offset, 2007.
[52] Read, Jen'nan Ghazal. “Muslims in America,” Journal Contexts, Vol. 7, No. 4, 2008, 39-43.
[53] Schneier, Rabbi Marc; Imam Muhammad Shamsi Ali. Sons of Abraham, A Candid Conversation about the Issues That Divide and Unite Jews and Muslims. Translator Khairi Rumantati. Anak-anak Abraham: Dialog Terbuka Mengenai Isu-isu yang Memisahkan dan Menyatukann Muslim – Yahudi. Editor Agus Susanto. First Printing. Bandung: PT. Mizan Publika, 2014.
[54] Singer, Amy. "Giving Practices in Islamic Societies," source: Social Research, Vol. 80, No. 2, Giving: Caring for the Needs of Strangers (SUMMER 2013), pp. 341-358. Published by: The New School. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/24385604. Accessed: 22-02-2017 14:10 UTC
[55] Stanley, Andy. Bagaimana Mengubah Visi Anda menjadi Kenyataan [How to Turn Your Vision into Reality]. Second Edition. Yogyakarta: Andi Offset, 2002.
[56] Stern, Jessica. “Muslims in America.” Journal The National Interest, No. 113, 2011.
[57] Stone, Sean. "Interview," with Shamsi Ali. Title on Youtube "Today I am Muslim Too" w / Imam Shamsi Ali. Published February 27, 2017 at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mIsiPESmDo. Retrieved on April 13, 2017.
[58] Terry, Robert W. Authentic Leadership. Translator Hari Suminto. Kepemimpinan Autentik. Batam: Interaksasa, 2002.
[59] Tirtamihardja, Samuel H. Leader is a Dreamer. Print Second. Tangerang: YASKI Foundation, 2007.
[60] Wall, Bob; Robert S. Solum, Mark R. Sobol, Strong Leader [Pemimpin yang Bervisi Kuat]. Batam: Interaksara, 1999.
[61] Widakuswara, Patsy. VOA reporter, "Interview," with Shamsi Ali in VOA October 2011 news coverage, was published on October 31, 2011 at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zn-9zABomqI Retrieved April 20, 2017.
Downloads
Published
2018-11-13
How to Cite
Hannas, H. and Rinawaty, R. (2018) “Islam Rahmatan Lil ’Alamin: Study of Thought and Gait of Muhammad Shamsi Ali’s Da’wah in New York”, Theological Journal Kerugma, 1(1), pp. 1–18. doi: 10.33856/kerugma.v1i1.50.
Issue
Section
Articles
